Colonisation[edit]
The Malay Rulers and nobilities with British colonial officers during the first Durbar, 1897.
Between 1511 and 1984, numerous Malay kingdoms and sultanates fell under direct colonisation or became the protectorates of different foreign powers, from European colonial powers like Portuguese, Dutch and British, to regional powers like Aceh, Siam and Japan. In 1511, the Portuguese Empire captured the capital city of Melaka Sultanate. The victorious Portuguese however, were unable to extend their political influence beyond the fort of Malacca. The Sultan maintained his overlordship on the lands outside Melaka and established the Johor Sultanate in 1528 to succeed Melaka. The Portuguese Malacca faced several unsuccessful retaliation attacks by Johor until 1614, when the combined forces of Johor and the Dutch Empire, ousted the Portuguese from the peninsular. As per agreement with Johor in 1606, the Dutch later took control of Melaka.[66]